Similarly, Jesus prophesies that the Son of Man will be delivered from the heart of the earth, just as God delivered Jonah from Hades ( Matt 12:40 ). Following David's prophecy in Psalm 16:10, Peter interprets the resurrection as God delivering Jesus from Hades ( Acts 2:27 Acts 2:31 ). In the New Testament a descent to Hades may simply refer to someone's death and disembodied existence. Hades is the state in which all the dead exist. He is the "Lord of both the dead and the living" ( Rom 14:9 ). For Christ has established authority over all powers ( Eph 1:20-23 ), even the one who "holds the power of death" ( Heb 2:14 2 Tim 1:10 ). In the New Testament Christ's revelation and salvific work decisively shape this term. This indeterminate picture of Sheol and its Greek translation, Hades, allowed varying interpretations by intertestamental Jews. But the precise expectation of a bodily resurrection for the wicked and the related conception of Sheol as an intermediate state is late ( Dan 12:2 ). The Old Testament confidently awaits God's victory over Sheol ( Psalm 98 Isa 25:8 Hosea 13:14 ). While an antagonist, Sheol ultimately exists at Yahweh's service ( 1 Sam 2:6 Psalm 55:23 139:8 ). 2-3), the Old Testament personifies Sheol as the power of Satan and his demonic hosts ( Job 18:14 Psalm 18:4-5 Isa 28:15 Jer 9:21 ). Since death is not a natural occurrence but invaded creation through the fall and Satan's destructive work (Gen.
These conscious souls face a lethargic existence, apparently without reward or retribution ( Job 10:21 Eccl 9:10 Isa 14:10 ).
Sheol refers primarily to death and the abode of the dead, both godly and ungodly ( Gen 37:25 Psalm 16:10 88:10-12 Isa 14:9 ). The New Testament use of Hades ( hades ) builds on its Hebrew parallel, Sheol (se'ol), which was the preferred translation in the Septuagint. Greek term widely used to denote the deity of the underworld and the abode of the dead.
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